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Titanium dioxide, also known as titania, exists in three primary crystal types:
1. Rutile: This is the most common form of titanium dioxide and is typically found in nature. It has a tetragonal crystal structure and is well-suited to uses like pigments and photocatalysis due to its high refractive index and chemical stability.
2. Anatase: This form has an octahedral crystal structure. It's less common than rutile and is typically produced synthetically. It also has applications in photocatalysis, solar cells, and gas sensors because it can reveal greater surface activity compared to rutile.
3. Brookite: This is the least common form of titanium dioxide found in nature. It has an orthorhombic crystal system. Compared to rutile and anatase, brookite is less studied due to its difficulty to synthesize in pure form and its relatively lower photocatalytic activity.
Please note, a fourth form, called TiO2 (B), has a monoclinic crystal system prepared under high pressure and temperature conditions, but it is less common and not naturally occurring; hence it's typically not included in the list of primary titanium dioxide crystal types.
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